关于共同抵押权的若干问题

On Joint Mortgage Rights

共同抵押权是为共同担保同一债权而于数项不同财产上设定的抵押权。共同抵押不应包括法定一并抵押。共同抵押权担保的债权虽为一个但抵押权的标的为数个独立财产。共同抵押可分为按份共同抵押和连带共同抵押,但原则上不包括按份共同抵押。共同抵押的抵押人可以为同一人,也可为不同的人;共同抵押的设立也不以一次同时设立为必要。共同抵押的各标的物可为不动产也可为动产,各抵押财产上抵押权是否设立依一般抵押权的设立规则确定,不以登记为共同抵押必要。共同抵押设立时未约定数抵押财产执行顺序时,抵押权人得自由选择是先就某抵押财产行使抵押权还是就全部抵押财产行使抵押权。共同抵押权人对于共同抵押的数项财产同时实现抵押权时,同时受各抵押财产的价金分配,此时各抵押财产按照其价额的比例分担所担保的债权额,不发生他抵押人或后顺序抵押权人的求偿权行使。共同抵押权人仅就共同抵押财产的某一或某几项财产实行抵押权并受偿其全部债权时,由于各抵押财产异时分配其担保的债权额,若数抵押财产不为同一人所有或者存在后次序抵押权,则发生他抵押人或者后顺序抵押权人的求偿权行使问题。共同抵押的抵押人既有债务人又有物上保证人时,物上保证人不能享有先诉抗辩权,但为保障物上保证人的利益,物上保证人得主张债务人优先负担。共同抵押权人放弃债务人提供的抵押担保的,物上保证人在抵押权人放弃的利益范围内不再承担担保责任。

The joint mortgage rights refer to mortgages set on different assets for the same credit as a joint collateral.The joint mortgage is different from statutory mortgage as a whole,because the mortgage target is several independent assets though for the same credit.The joint mortgage can be subdivided into several or proportionate mortgage and fully joint mortgage,but the former is excluded in principle.The mortgagors can be one or different persons,and the joint mortgage does not need to be set up once and for all.The mortgaged assets can be chattel or real estate,and they are not necessary to be registered as joint mortgage but conforming to general registration principles.Where no specific order is designated for execution,the creditor can choose certain of all mortgaged assets to be executed.In case of simultaneous execution of mortgaged assets,the proportionate parts are distributed respectively in different assets with no subrogation right for the mortgagor in a latter order or in other mortgage relations.While where the mortgage rights is not exercised to all mortgage assets simultaneously,the proportionate parts will distributed separately,so the subrogation rights occurs to those mortgagors in a latter order or in other mortgage relations.Where the mortgagors consist of obligors and guarantors,the latter shall not enjoy the priority right to counterplea in advance but they can claim the obligor for assuming mortgage obligation first.Moreover,if the creditor abandons the mortgage offered by the obligor,the corresponding part of the mortgage will be exempted from the guarantors.