论国际法规范的位阶

On Hierarchy of Norms in the International Law

条约法公约首次在国际法上规定了强行法概念。国际法学者以强行法、对一切义务、国际罪行等的出现为根据,提出了位阶理论,主张国际法规范已经产生类似于国内法的"规范等级"。在实践中,位阶理论在确定国际法等级以及效力层次上的作用也极为有限。国际法院的判决在某种程度上仅仅是指明某些义务具有基础性,而并不能证明强行法规范具有高于一般规范的效力。尽管如此,位阶理论的提出仍使特定国际法规范的效力在某种程度上超出"同意",也在某种程度上解决了条约义务与国际社会根本义务相冲突的情形。

The Convention of the Law of Treaties has regulated the concept of mandatory law for the first time,based on which,together with all obligations and international crimes,scholars of the international law propose the hierarchy theory,stating that the international norms have displayed ＂normative hierarchy＂ similar to domestic laws.In practice,such hierarchy theory has limited effects in specifying the status and effect levels of the international law.Judgment reached by the International Court of Justice indicates that some obligations are fundamental to some extent but does not prove that the mandatory norms have superior effect to general norms.Nevertheless,the hierarchy theory has made the effect of certain international law go beyond the ＂consent＂ level to some extent,thus has resolved conflicts between obligations of treaties and fundamental obligations to the international society to some extent.