德国预约制度研究

Study on the Pre-contract System in Germany

我国司法解释及审判实务工作就预约制度之重建提出迫切要求。德国法上的预约制度为此重建提供了首要的移植母本。德国法以学说、判例广泛承认预约,坚持预约和本约的区分,强调本约的一般性和预约的特殊性;就意向书等品类繁多的实务文书与预约之关系定位,一准于当事人的约束意思;就内容确定性标准,自立法动议书至晚近判例学说,多有反复;就形式要求和批准要求,适用相近规则,即取决于具体规范目的是否关注个人法益;支持实际缔约请求,且为节约诉讼成本允许诉讼合并。

The reconstruction of the pre-contract system is urgently required by judicial interpretation and trial practice.The Vorvertrag system in German law can offer principal texts for legal transplant.Both theories and case laws in Germany recognize the pre-contract system and maintain the difference between pre-contract agreement and the final contract,stressing on the general feature of the latter and the special feature of the former.Specifically,compared with the letter of intent and other various documents,their relations with the pre-contract agreement are determined by the intentions of the parties concerned.As to the specific standard for content,there are still controversies from legislative motions and case theories.As to form and approval requirements,the similarity principle should be applied,that is,whether the purpose of specific rules concerns the individual interest.And as to the specific performance of concluding contracts,the pre-contract system permits litigation combination for the purpose of saving cost of litigation.