西方自然观念的嬗变与近代政治哲学问题

The Evolution of the Concept of Western Nature and the Problems of Modern Political Philosophy

在西方哲学史上,古希腊人的"自然的发现"通过区分自然与习俗,自然法得以形成,从而开辟了古典政治哲学的道路。以自然权利学说为代表的近代政治哲学反对古典自然法的哲学基础——自然,而诉诸新的哲学基础——自然状态。虽然二者存在很大的差异,但是从特有的价值取向来看,二者都主张追寻超越时间和空间的普遍有效的规范和价值体系,具有"非历史性"。到了18世纪,近代政治哲学的"非历史性"问题开始遭到质疑和批判,这便是以"历史主义"为代表的"历史观念"的出现。"历史观念"认定一切政治秩序和社会制度都是历史过程的产物,这就造成了古典自然法传统及近代自然权利的衰落和虚无主义的滥觞。为了克服"虚无主义"而主张回到"自然"的方案不免重蹈绝对主义的覆辙,依然没有摆脱绝对主义和虚无主义二元对立的困境。

The detection of nature distinguishes the nature and convention in the political philosophy, and the natural law has become, so it paves the way for the classic political philosophy. Modern political philosophy opposes ＂the nature＂ and resorts to ＂the state of nature＂. There are big differences between natural right and natural law, but they have some common in the value orientation by pursuing the universal valid values. Its non-historicity is against by the German historicism, which claimed the political order and social system is the production of history. This made the natural law and natural rights declined and even resulted the nihilism. The returning to the ＂physis＂ to overcome nihilism caused by historicism is values absolutism in philosophy, which does not get rid of the dilemma of the duality of the absolutism and nihilism.