论宋代举官责任追究制度

Accountability System of Recommending Officials in Song Dynasty

在宋代官吏选拔中,举官是一种重要的方式,发挥过重要作用,一大批杰出人物都是通过举官脱颖而出的。举官既是一种权力,也是一种责任。宋代的举官责任,主要由举主资格、被举资格、荐举程序及举后任职等方面原因造成,而重点在被举资格的真实有效和举后履职的清廉胜任。在此基础上,形成了举官责任追究的基本原则,一是担保责任的追究,二是同罪连坐的处罚,三是依法减轻免除责任。宋代对举官有较高的认知,并形成较为系统的举官责任制度,也发挥过一定作用。至于实施的效果,则与举官以及政治环境密切相关,并随之盛衰起伏。责任追究能够解决举官中担保、程序方面的某些问题,一定程度上防止失实、滥举等,并且制度的设计也有一定的科学道理,应是我国传统政治智慧和优秀文化传统的有机组成部分。但是,这一制度自身存在局限以及政治环境制约,实施起来又步履维艰,困难重重,很难从根本上解决举官以及选举方面的问题。在各类推荐、荐举盛行的今天,宋代举官制度无疑具有重要的历史借鉴意义。

Recommending officials was an important approach of choosing bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty. It played an important role as a lot of famous officials were chosen in this way. It is both a power and responsibility to recommend officials. The responsibilities of recommending officials lie in qualification, procedures and service, among which the most important is the liability and effectiveness of qualification, uncorrupted honesty and competence. Based on that, there existed a series of basic rules of recommending officials： The first is guarantee responsibility; the second is punishment of being related; the third is exemption. People in the Song Dynasty have a level of cognition in recommending officials and there was a systematic accountability. As for the effectiveness of implementation, accountability had tight relation with political surroundings, corresponding to their rise and fall. It could solve some problems about surety, procedures, and prevent disfavor and abuse. It was also scientific, a organic portion of traditional politics and culture. However, it was very difficult to settle ultimate problems because of its limitation and restrictions of political environment, which still had historical reference meaning in today.