人类学视野下的中国手工业的技术定位

THE TECHNICAL LOCATIONS ABOUT CHINESE HANDICRAFT INDUSTRY UNDER THE ANTHROPOLOGIC VISION

20世纪中叶之前,中国大多数工业产品都是由乡村手工业者和半专业化的乡村家庭生产。生产技艺掌握在初级生产者手中,他们通常在亲属纽带或共同居住的基础上形成合作组织。有关技艺的知识是经验性的和默会的,包含在手工业实践者的身体中,内嵌于社会关系、自然与人造环境中。自20世纪以来,中国政府和现代精英们试图打破地方的"知识垄断",并且与生产者争夺技术控制。1949年后,技术由农村的初级生产者转移到了城市管理精英手中。然而,当乡村民众被去技能化之后,真正被带走的是什么?它发生自何处?当我们说技艺是"具身的"和"内嵌的"时,是什么意思?它们是怎样成为"非具身的"和"非嵌入的"?真正的技艺究竟在哪里——在手工业从业者的手中头脑里,在社会机构中,还是在国家技术再生产的标准和规范框架里?针对这些问题,本文以四川省一个有着熟练造纸匠的社区为田野调查点,考察当地人在去技能化时期之后,重建手工造纸业的过程,以及在技术再生产的基础上修复社会组织的过程。

Until the mid-twentieth century, most industrial goods in China were produced by rural artisans and semi-specialized rural households. Production technologies were in the hands of primary producers, who often organized into cooperation groups on the basis of kinship or co-residence. Technical know-how was experiential and tacit, embodied in individual practitioners and embedded in social relationships and natural and man-made environments. Since 1900, Chinese states and modernizing elites tried to break local 'monopolies of knowledge' and wrest technological control from the hands of producers. After 1949, the government presided over a period of 'socialist deskilling' during which know-how was transferred from rural primary producers to urban managerial elites. Yet what exactly was taken away when rural people were deskilled, and where was it taken from? What does it mean when we say that skills are 'embodied' and 'embedded', and how are they 'disembodied' and 'disembedded'? Where exactly is skill located-in the hands and minds of individual practitioners, in social institutions, or in the framework of norms and rules that governs skill reproduction? To answer these questions, this article examines the processes through which a community of skilled papermakers in Sichuan province rebuilt their industry after a period of deskilling, and repaired the social tissue that underlies the reproduction of skill.