古罗马奴隶法律地位还原——“奴隶是会说话的工具”说法之批判

Restoring the Legal Conditions of Roman Slaves——Criticism of "instrumenti genus uocale in quo sunt servi"

我国学界对罗马奴隶的法律地位认识欠缺,"奴隶是会说话的工具"之滥用为其鲜明体现。通过分析"奴隶是会说话的工具"的起源,指出该论断源于特定的社会经济背景,不具有普遍说服力。在梳理优士丁尼罗马法原始文献后,得出这样的结论:奴隶在人身安全、婚姻家庭方面作为主体受保护,在宗教、特有产、继承、诉讼等方面中表现出一定的主体性,在共和到帝政的转变过程中存在承认其主体性的趋势。

The Chinese academic circle has misunderstands about the legal conditions of Roman slaves,which we can see from the abuse of instrumenti genus vocale in quo sunt servi.This article tries to analyze the origin of this expression and the social-economic conditions from which it derived,indicating it＇s lack of convincing.After analyzing the sources of Justinian＇s Roman law,we see that slave＇s personal safety and family were protected,and their subjectivity in actions of religion,peculium,inheritance and legal process.There existed a tendency to recognize them as legal subjects during the change from the Republic to the Empire.