明代河南大水灾城洪涝灾害时空特征分析

The characteristics of the urban flood disasters in Henan province in Ming Dynasty

大水灾城灾害是洪水灾害中的特大水灾,通过相关资料的搜集整理,对明代河南大水灾城灾害时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:明代河南大水灾城洪水灾害共发生101次,平均每3.65年发生一次。1580、1470、1530、1590年代灾害最为频繁。灾害季节性强,主要集中在夏秋两季,具体为农历的6、7、8、9月间。主要为河灌型灾害,占水灾总次数的46%,河溢型、雨灾型各占水灾总次数的35%、19%。明代河南有64个州县发生灾害,约占全省的61.5%,祥符、睢州等受灾最为严重。处于黄河南泛区的开封府、归德府受灾严重,南阳府、汝宁府,受灾最轻。总体特征为东部密、西部疏;黄河沿岸及其泛区、沁河流域、伊洛河下游密,其他流域及支流疏。黄河南泛河道不固定、泛溢无常,以及太行山东南缘河道短促,暴雨集中、宣泄不畅等是灾害频发的主要原因。

Urban flood disaster is a kind of the large flood disasters. In this paper, the space - time characteris- tics of urban flood disasters has been analyzed by using the historical file records in Henan Province in Ming Dy- nasty. The results showed that 101 flood disasters occurred in Henan area and the frequency of urban flood disas- ters was 3.65 yeats one time in Ming Dynasty. 1580,1470,1530,1590 were the decades when floods occurred frequently. Seasonal flood disasters occurred mainly in the summer and fall, especially in the month of the lunar calendar 6,7,8,9. The floods were mainly caused by fiver burst, the proportion of this kind of flood was 46%, the proportion of floods caused by river overflow was 35% ,and the proportion of floods caused by excessive rain- fall was 19%. There were 64 major counties occurred flood disaster, accounting for 61.5%. Xiangfu, Sui Zhou was the place where floods occurred mostly. In the Yellow River area, Kaifeng fu and Guide fu were the most se- verely affected, Nanyang fu and Runing fu were affected the lightest in western and south of Henan Province. In general, showing dense in east and sparse in west; a dense in the area along the Yellow River and its Pan, Qin River basin, and the downstream of Yiluo River. The main causes resulting in the occurrence of flood disasters in the study area were no fixed and overflows impermanence of the Yellow River, and the short of river flow in southeast edge of the Taihang Mountains, and concentrated heavy rains.