住宅室内外空气中颗粒物及无机元素的分布特征及关系

Pollution Characteristics and Residential Indoor-outdoor Relationships of Airborne Particle Matter Element in a Community

目的探讨住宅室内外空气PM10及元素组分的污染特征和相互关系。方法于2009年夏季选择某居住区内55户家庭,采用个体暴露撞击式采样器采集居室内外PM10样品,使用大气采样器采集居住区中心点位PM10、PM2.5样品。运用电感耦合等离子体-质谱(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子-光谱(ICP-OES)检测39种元素。使用富集因子法分析元素的富集特征,通过元素的室内外浓度回归分析各种元素的室内外来源贡献及相互关系。结果 39种元素在室内、室外和居住区点位PM10样品中的总含量分别为(18.5±11.5)%,(21.7±14.9)%,(18.8±7.3)%。其中7种常量元素(Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na、Mg)分别占到室内、室外和居住区点位的PM10元素总量的89.7%,91.4%,91.5%。在居住区点位中W、Mo、Cr、K、Rb、Zn、Ni、As、Cs、Sb、Pb、Bi、Cd、Sn、Cu、Tl较多分布于PM2.5中。K、V、Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的穿透因子较高,分别为0.51、0.40、0.44、0.85、0.58、0.67、0.58和0.77。结论回归分析表明除V、Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Pb之外,PM10中各种元素的室内外浓度相关性较差,仅适宜用室外PM10中V、Zn、Cu、As、Cd、Pb浓度来指示其室内浓度。Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As等13种元素在室内、室外和社区中心点位PM10中显著富集,表明其在环境中的人为源十分广泛。

Objective Indoor and outdoor airborne particulate matter samples were collected in one community in Tianjin to describe the pollution character and the influences of outdoor contribution and indoor-outdoor relationship of PM10. Methods Residential indoor, outdoor airborne particulate matter （PM10） were collected imuhaneously in 55 houses of one community in urban of Tianjin： in summer of 2009 by using personal exposure monitors （PEM）. Besides, PM10 and PM2.5 were concurrently collected in the centre of the community using air samplers. All the Teflon filter samples were precisely cut into two halves and analyzed for a total of 39 elements using ICP-MS and !CP-OES, respectively. Source contributions to the PM-bound elements were identified and quantified using an Enrichment Factor （El） method and the establishment of an indoor-outdoor regression model. Results A total of 39 determined elements constituted （18.5±11.5）%, （21.7±14.9）% and （18.8±7.3）% of residential indoor, outdoor and community-central PMIO mass respectively. While seven macroelements （Ca, Si, A1, Fe, K, Na, Mg） contributed 89.7%, 91.4%, 91.5% of the total mass of 39 target elements. The elements in particulate matter in different particle size were of the difference in concentration levels, and W, Mo, Cr, K, Rb, Zn, Ni, As, Cs, Sb, Pb, Bi, Cd, Sn, Cu, T1 were more enriched in the fine particulate matter PM2.5. The penetration factors K, V, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb were 0.51, 0.40, 0.44, 0.85, 0.58, 0.67, 0.58 and 0.77, respectively. Conclusion Regression model constructed for each metal showed high indoor-outdoor correlations and penetration rates among V, Zn, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, though with low indoor sources contributions. For most target elements, the indoor-outdoor correlations were poor, thus only mass concentration of V, Zn, Cu, As, Cd and Pb can replace indoor PM10 with outdoor/ambient PM10.A total of 13 kinds of metals including Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As were extremely enriched in residential indoor, outdoor and ambient PM10, indicating ubiquitous anthropogenic sources contribution.