论先秦两汉史学观念之三变——从“微言大义”到“文胜质则史”、“实录”

On the Three Changes of Historical Science's Ideas during the Pre-Qin Days and the Han Dynasty

古者"左史记言,右史记事",《春秋》的史学观最强调"义",目的在显示出历史事件的原动力、原因或本质,其方法则是穿越史实而直接述"义";对"义"过分的强调及直接述说,有时会使史实模糊而与"真"有出入。孔子时的史学观为"文胜质则史",《左传》、《战国策》、《国语》的"文",期望以"文"记言记事,突出了以各种手段揭示历史事件的原动力、原因或本质,但避免不了"浮夸"之蔽。汉代史家则更为重视"其文直,其事核,不虚美,不隐恶"的"实录",其以"实录"记言记事,使中国古代史学达到了新的境界。

The ancient scholars thought that ＂zuoshi records speech while youshi records events＂. lhe Spring and Autumn Annals emphasizes ＂meaning＂, its purpose lies in motive power, cause or essence of historical events. Its methods directly tell ＂meaning＂ through historical facts. The writings in Zuozhuan, Zhanguoce, Guoyu expected to record speeches and events to announce historical events in various ways. But they can＇ t avoid exaggeration. recorded speeches and events by memoir, thus promoted Chinese ancient motive power, cause or essence of The historians in the Han Dynasty historical science to the new realm.