1944年《美国对外石油政策》报告探析

An Analysis of Foreign Petroleum Policy of the United States in 1944

1944年4月11日美国国务院公布了《美国对外石油政策》报告。该报告将石油利益确定为美国国家安全利益的核心,其主要内容是:在中东地区推行"门户开放"政策,将大西洋宪章的"机会均等"原则运用于战后美国对外石油资源的争夺中;提出了美国对外石油供应的"半球"石油政策,即"东半球"的石油主要由中东地区供应,"西半球"的石油由美洲地区供应。美国对外石油政策的目标是攫取和控制中东地区的石油资源,保护美国国内的石油资源储备。考察《美国对外石油政策》报告的主要内容及其形成的过程,揭示美国战后对外石油政策的本质,有益于全面认识美国构建战后石油安全战略的全貌。

The U. S. State Department released ＂Foreign Petroleum Policy of the United States＂ on April 11, 1944. The document established petroleum interests as the core concept of U. S. national security interests, and the main contents of this policy is as follows： implementing ＂Open Door Policy＂ in the Middle East and applying the ＂Equal Opportunity＂ principle in the Atlantic Charter to the U. S. postwar foreign competition for petroleum resources; proposing ＂Hemisphere＂ petroleum policy of U. S. foreign petroleum supply which meant that Middle East would supply petroleum for ＂the Eastern Hemisphere＂, while the Americas would supply pe- troleum for ＂the Western Hemisphere＂. The aim of the policy is to capture and control the petroleum resources of Middle East and to protect U. S. domestic petroleum reserves. Through investigating the main contents and establishment of 1944 U. S. foreign petroleum policy, revealing the essences of U. S. postwar foreign petroleum policy, the paper will be conducive to a full understanding of the postwar U. S. petroleum security strategy construction.