流域生态补偿研究现状及关键问题剖析

Review of Payments for Ecosystem Services and the Key Issues in a Watershed

在流域,因竞争性用水导致上下游之间、人类发展与生态环境之间的矛盾日益尖锐,急需建立健全流域生态补偿机制。通过对国内外流域生态补偿研究进展进行梳理,发现流域生态补偿研究主要集中在流域尺度的补偿计划实施评价、补偿尺度的选择、补偿标准的测算、生态补偿与减少贫困关系、流域生态补偿的空间差异性等方面,其关键问题在于生态补偿主体和对象的确定以及补偿标准的制定;研究认为通过流域断面水量水质及相关利益分析方法来确定补偿主体和对象;而补偿标准则以流域上下游生态损益、机会成本、居民支付意愿分别作为补偿上限、参考值和下限来综合确定。以此为基础,构建流域多种生态要素、多元主体间的流域生态补偿机制研究框架。最后,就流域生态补偿机制构建过程中有待解决的科学问题进行了讨论。

In a watershed, competitive water use in upstream and downstream causes a conflict between develop- ment of human beings and eco-environment. It is high time to establish mechanism of payments for ecosystem services （PES）. Domestic and foreign researches on PES in watersheds mainly focus on assessment on PES im- plementation, choice of compensation scale, calculation of compensation standard, relationship between PESand poverty reduction, and spatial differentiation of PES. The key issues are how to make eco-compensation standard and how to realize the beneficial owner recuperation. Compensation bodies and compensation objects are defined by analysis of stakeholders and water quantity and quality between upstream and downstream. Mean- while, maximum standard, minimum standard and reference standard of eco-compensation are determined by calculating ecological profit and loss from upstream to downstream, opportunity cost and willingness to pay （WTP）. Furthermore, PES mechanism of multi-level, multi-subject and multi-factor is established. Finally, diffi- culties are analyzed during the construction of PES mechanism in watersheds.