“祖业权”:嵌入乡土社会的地权表达与实践——基于对赣西北宗族性村落的田野考察

"Ancestor′s Inheritance Property Right" in the Expression and Practice of the Landownership Embedded in the Earthbound Society:A Field Investigation of Clan-like Villages in the Northwestern Jiangxi Province

经历了一系列土地制度变革后,当前的农村社会中依然有着较大范围和程度上关于土地是"祖业"的认知和表达,并影响着国家的法律实践。祖业观念下的土地产权———祖业权,具有人格化、象征性和社区化的特征,使得其性质上是具有较为完整的使用权,却不具备独立产权的完整性,而明显区别于建立在西方市民社会基础上的私有产权。中国土地产权的观念型塑与村落的社会结构之间有着自洽的逻辑,它与家族的绵延性、伦理本位和差序格局有着密不可分的共通关系,"祖业权"是嵌入在以血缘为主要纽带的乡土社会之中。由此,在国家建构的地权建设中,尤其要注意地方社会也在建构着关于土地产权的"地方性共识",进而避免落入历史虚无主义的窠臼。

The traditional cognition and expression on land as the ancestors＇ inheritance property are still prevalent in the rural community despite rounds of land system reforms, which undermines the legal execution of the state. The land ownership under the concept of ancestors＇ inheritance property, i. e. the ＂Ancestor＇s Inheritance Property Right＂ with features of personification, symbolism and community is intrinsically endued with a complete right to use, but not with a complete fight of independent land ownership, which is in sharp contrast with the private ownership established on the basis of the Western citizenship society. The Chinese land ownership concept is formed on the self-consistent logic with the rural social structure and closely related to the clan＇s continuation and ethic standard and hierarchical patterns and the ＂Ancestor＇s Inheritance Property Right＂ is embedded in the kin- dred-based rural community. Therefore, in the construction of land ownership by the state, attention should be given to the fact that a ＂local consensus＂ on the land ownership is being formed in the local communities so that the set pattern of historical nihilism can be avoided.