试论滇西北一个藏族村庄的环境与生计

A Discussion on the Environment and Livelihood of a Tibetan Village in Northwest Yunnan

碧罗雪山东麓茨中村的田野调查材料,以一个村庄为焦点,展现了当地人半农半牧、跑马帮、开客栈、从事渔猎、手工等传统生存策略。当地自然条件的多样性,使人们根据自身对生境的需要,认识物种、使用工具、进行社会分工、开辟交通,从而创立和发展了生产方式,并以此和自然交换能量。每一代村民进入预定的继承序列,也就获得了前人的生态环境、社会因素及生产方式,并在自身活动中添加一些新的内容,从而形成多样化的生计模式。

Tsizong Village at the eastern foot of Biluo Snow Mountain has been taken as the target to do fieldwork,and it is found that the villagers keep various traditional survival strategies,for instance,semi-farming and semi-pasturing,horse-delivery,opening an inn,fishing,hunting,hand-work,etc.Because of the diversity of local natural conditions the villagers are required to recognize various species,use some specific tools,and to do social division of their labor,to improve traffic conditions in order to create and develop the production of the village,and to exchange energy with nature.Every villager inherits from his or her predecessors their knowledge of ecological environment,social factors and modes of production,at the meanwhile he or she will enrich the knowledge,then the means of livelihood become more various.