《摩诃婆罗多》“咒祝”主题研究

Research on the Theme of Curse and Prayer in Mahabharata

《摩诃婆罗多》中大量"咒祝"文化现象反映了婆罗门种姓在婆罗门教社会中的特殊身份及职能。当史诗人物触犯了某种天然或人(神)为的禁规,诅咒便成为惩罚的方式。在史诗中,这一主题呈现为(设禁)→违禁→惩罚→解除(或实现)的结构。印度史诗叙事的特点在于"设禁"环节的缺失,这主要因为史诗时代婆罗门教法体系化,禁忌观念已然形成,而咒语向祝祷转化透露出远古巫术向系统化宗教的嬗变。史诗故事最能推动情节发展的环节是"解除"(实现)。梵剧《沙恭达罗》对插话《沙恭达罗》的加工,利用的正是"诅咒"的经典叙事。

The recurrence of the theme of Curse and Prayer in Mahabharata reflects the speical status and function of Brahman in the Brahmin society.Curse is a natural way of punishment when an epical figure violates a law of nature or of god.The theme of Curse is usually developed in the structure of＂laying down a law →violation of the law →curse as punishment of the criminal → extrication from or realization of curse＂.However,Indian epic is characterized by the absence of＂laying down a law＂,and this is attributed to the systematization of Brahmamism in the epical times when the concept of law had already been formed.Further,the transition from Curse to Prayer as a punishment also indicates the change from the prehistoric witchcraft to systematized religion.