化地不化人的城市化符合中国国情吗？--人口密集型的“老浦西”和土地资本密集型的“新浦东”的历史比较

WHICH TYPE OF URBANIZATION BETTER MATCHES CHINA'S FACTOR ENDOWMENT:A COMPARISON BETWEEN POPULATION-INTENSIVE OLD PUXI AND LAND-CAPITAL-INTENSIVE NEW PUDONG

基于对城市化真谛的理解,在论证城市化的二重性和城市集聚效应的内生性的基础上,针对中国城市化过程中存在的化地不化人的弊病,在对比"老浦西"和"新浦东"城市化机制及其绩效后发现,"新浦东"受制于现行户籍和土地制度,对人口、土地和资本等要素的配置以行政导向为主,以土地密集和资本密集为主要特征,对中国真实城市化率的提高贡献甚微,陷入城市自我现代化的困境,也违反国情和环保的要求,难以持续。对众多农村人口亟待城市化的中国而言,"新浦东"模式不具备普遍意义。市场导向的人口密集型的"老浦西"模式,更符合内生增长的要求,更能发挥城市吸收农村人口的集聚效应,也更符合可持续增长和环保原则,值得今日中国借鉴。

Based on a comparative study on New Pudong and Old Puxi of Shanghai in their respective ability to absorb migrants,particularly rural migrants,this paper finds that,constrained by the current Hukou and land systems,New Pudong,guided by the local administration in resource allocation,has emerged as an urban area that is characterized by its high land-capital-intensiveness relative to China＇s existing relatively poor and rural population.In sharp contrast,guided by market mechanism under private land ownership and free migration,the Old Puxi emerged as an urbanization model that is adaptable to China＇s factor endowment and development stage.Therefore,as a model of endogenous urbanization,the Old Puxi is more sustainable economically and environmentally,and more applicable to China at a time when China needs to urbanize most of its rural population urgently to avoid larger gap between urban and rural area.