死亡:存在问题的终极解——海德格尔“存在”问题求解之研究

Death as the Ultimate Solution to the Problem of “Being”:On Heidegger's Interpretation of “Being”

海德格尔以问句的形式提出西方哲学传统终结的命题。在何种意义上说西方哲学传统已经终结?"存在"(Being)问题的求解是西方哲学传统中的核心议题,它由巴门尼德提出,并规定了问题之客体的求解方向。从此,诸多哲学家沿着这一方向运思,柏拉图的"相论",亚里士多德的"形式",均是向这一求解方向运思的结果。然而,他们的答案不能满足"存在"永恒、完整、连续、使动的要件要求而陷入逻辑悖论之中。康德虽然不否定"存在"的客观性,但否认了认识它的可能性,将"存在"作为自在之物置于无法抵达的彼岸世界。海德格尔的求解独辟蹊径,将"存在"问题求解的运思方向由客观的存在者转向了"无",经过一系列概念之间的严密逻辑推演,将无法体验的"死亡"作为"存在"问题的终极解,从而终结了西方哲学对于"存在"问题的求解历程。"死亡"作为世界的"存在",作为世界的本原,作为世界的实体,符合巴门尼德提出的"存在"要件,能对形形色色的世界现象给予合理的、使人信服的解释。从这一角度说,海德格尔哲学具有更强的解释力。从海德格尔的"死亡"哲学出发,人类文化中的诸多问题均可获得新的理解。这是海德格尔哲学的独特价值。

Heidegger put forward a proposition that Western philosophy has been ended up.In whatsense Heidegger made such a judgment? 'Being' is a key issue in Western philosophy.It is Parmenides who raised this issue and set the solving direction of its object.Although Plato's theory of 'ideas' and Aristotle's theory of 'substance' interpret 'Being' along this way,they both lead to logical paradoxes and fail to fulfill the conditions of 'Being'(they are eternity,integrity,continuity and dynamic).Moreover,although Kant did not deny 'Being',he denied the possibility of knowing it.Unlike the foregoing philosophers,Heidegger established a new approach that turns the solving direction from the objective 'Being' to 'Nothing'.He viewed 'death' as an ultimate solution of 'Being' and thereby ended the journey of the exploration of 'Being'.It is worth noting that 'death' meets all conditions of 'Being'(which Parmenides proposed) and can provide rational and convinced explanation of the world.In this sense,'death' philosophy has special value because it makes people understand many cultural phenomena well.