5Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA).Occupa-tional exposure to bloodborne pathogens-OSHA.Final rule[J].Federal Register,1991,56(235):64004-64182.
6Lawrence LW,Delclos GL,Felknor SA,et al.The ettectiveness of aneddleless instravenous connection system:an assessment by injuryrate and user satisfaction[J].Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,1997,18(3):175-182.
7Mendelson MH,Short LJ,Schechter CB,et al.Study of a needlelessintermittent instravenous acess system for peripheral infusions:analy-sis of staff,patient,and institutional outcomes[J].Infect controlHosp Epidemiol,1998,19(16):401-406.
8Do AN,Ray BJ,Banerjee SN,et al.Bloodsteam infection associatedwith needleless device use and the importance of infection-controlpractices in the home health care setting[J].J Infect Dis,1999,179(2):442-448.
9Kellerman S,Shay DK,Howard J,et al.Bloodstream infections inhome infusion patients:the influence of race and needleless in-stravascular access devices[J].J Pediatr,1996,129(5):711-717.
10Danzig LE,Short LJ,Collins K,et al.Bloodstream infections associ-ated with a nedleless instravenous infusion system in patients re-ceiving home infusion therapy[J].JAMA,1995,273(33):1862-1864.
8Mermal LA. Prevention of Intravascular catheter related infections[J]. Ann Intern Meal,2000,132(5):391-402.
9Soufir L,Timsit JF,Mahe C,et al. Attributably morbidity and mortality of catheter-related septicemia in critically ill patients:a matched,riskadjusted,cohort study[J]. Infect Contr Hospit Epidemiol,1999,20(6): 396-401.
10Clinical Practice Guidelines on prevention of Central Venous Catheterrelated infections[S]. Central Committee on Intensive Care ,Hospital Authority, Hong Kong, 2006.
2Brachine JD, Peterlini MA,Pedreira Mda L. Care bundle to reduce central venous cathete~related bloodstream infection: an integrative review[J]. Rev Gaucha Enferm, 2012,33 (4) : 200-210.
4Zhou W, Liu LL, He PY. The effect observation of peripher- ally inserted central catheter under B - ultrasound guidance [J] ~ Jour hal of Nursing,2011,18(1B) :53 - 55.
5Ni{ong TP, Mcdevi'ct TJ. The effect of catheter to vein ratio on blood flow rates in a simula*ed model of peripherally inserted cen- tral venouscathetersEJ] . Chest, 2011,140(1) :48 - 53.
6Hughes ME. PICC Related Thrombosis: Pathophysiology, Inci dence,Morbidity and the Effect o{ Ultrasound- Guided Placement Technique on Occurrence in Cancer Patients[J]. JAVA, 2011,16 (1) :8 - 11,14,16 - 18.
7Butler PJ, Sood S, Mojibian H,et al. Previous PICC placement may be associated with catheter -related infections inhemodialys- is patients. Journal of Vascular and lnterventional RadioLogy, 2011,34(1):120- 123.
