古代麻醉药物的史实探析

Analysis of narcotic drugs in ancient times

《列子·汤问》中已有应用麻醉药物的记载，此后历代文献中皆有将麻醉药用于医疗的记载。在两宋时期，麻醉药物被民间作为邪术滥用，出现了蒙汗药、迷魂药、断魂香、迷魂香等，并被官府明令禁止。之后，中医麻醉药发展一脉相承，而民间麻醉药物的发展脉络并不清晰；中医麻醉药的配方种类繁多而详尽，而民间麻醉药的配方则比较简单；甘草豆汤是中医麻醉药常用的解毒催醒药，而冷水是民间麻醉药最常见的解药。由于传统中医麻醉药的毒副作用，以及官府对民间麻醉药物的明令禁止，再加之随着西医的传人，以及对中医的打击和排挤，中医麻醉药物的使用出现衰退趋势。近年来的研究表明，中医麻醉药已开发出内服、灌肠、肌注、静注等多种剂型，对其药效学、药代动力学也有更加深入的认识，有利于中医麻醉药物的重新应用和推广。

Recordings about narcotic drugs could be found in Liezi · Tangwen, and since then narcotic drugs for medical use appeared often in literature. In the South and North Song Dynasties, narcotic drugs were abused by the people. Various drugs like knock - out drops and knock - out incense appeared at that time and were forbidden by the government. From then on, narcotic drugs for medical use kept developing while the development history of folk narcotic drugs was not clear. There were a variety of formulas for narcotic drugs in TCM and the formula of folk narcotic drugs was simple. Gancaodou decoction was the antidote for TCM narcotic drugs while the antidote for folk narcotic drugs was cold water. Later the TCM narcotic drugs were also used less and less because of the side effects, prohibition of the government and the pressure from introduction of western medicine. Studies of recent years show that many dosage methods for nar- cotic drugs have been developed （such as oral drugs, enema drugs, injection and intravenous drugs ） and the understanding of narcotic drugs deepens, which is good for the reapplication and popularization of narcotic drugs.