页岩裂缝发育主控因素及其对含气性的影响

Dominant factor of fracture development in shale and its relationship to gas accumulation

依据国内外页岩气大量资料和测试数据,对影响页岩裂缝发育的岩性和矿物组成、有机碳含量、岩石力学性质、异常高压等非构造因素和构造因素进行了定性或半定量分析,初步探讨了页岩裂缝发育与含气量之间关系。结果表明:页岩中石英、长石和碳酸盐岩含量高,岩石的泊松比低、杨氏模量高,脆性大,容易在外力作用下形成天然裂缝和诱导裂缝,其发育程度一般与页岩中脆性矿物的含量呈正相关关系。高有机碳含量或异常高压页岩裂缝发育。裂缝发育程度与有机碳含量关系可以划分为4类。页岩裂缝发育程度与总含气量和游离气量呈正相关关系,页岩裂缝越发育,其含气量越大,产气量也越高。裂缝对页岩气藏的形成具有双重作用,一是裂缝可以作为天然气和地层水的有效储集空间和快速运移通道,有利于页岩层系中游离态天然气体积的增加和吸附态天然气的解吸,裂缝密度越大,走向越分散,产气量越高;二是裂缝规模过大,可能导致天然气散失。北美地区页岩裂缝发育带内的页岩气勘探成功率高,产气量高,中国四川盆地下古生界海相富有机质脆性页岩层中天然气有良好显示或高产气井均与裂缝发育密切相关。

Shale with high quartz,feldspar and carbonate will have low Poisson＇s ratio,high Young modulus and high brittleness.As a result,the shale is conducive to produce natural and induced fractures under external forces.In general,there is a good correlation between fracture development in shale and the volume of brittle minerals present.Shale with high TOC or abnormally high pressure has well-developed fractures.Shale fracture development also shows a positive correlation with total gas accumulation and free gas volume,i.e.,the better shale fractures are developed,the greater the gas accumulation and therefore the higher the gas production.Fractures provide migration conduits and accumulation spaces for natural gas and formation water,which are favorable for the volumetric increase of free natural gas.Wider fractures in shale result in gas loss.In North America,there is a high success ratio of shale gas exploration and high gas production from high-angle fracture zones in shale.Good natural gas shows or high yield producers in the Lower Paleozoic marine organic matter-rich rocks in the Sichuan Basin are closely related to the degree of fracture development in brittle shales.