汽油发动机积炭的形成、清除机理及汽油清净剂的研究进展

Mechanisms of carbon deposit formation and removing in internal gasoline engines and research progress of gasoline detergent additives

发动机经过长期运转以后,在燃烧室、燃油喷嘴、进气阀等部位会形成大量的碳质沉积物,严重影响发动机的效率、操作性能和尾气排放。为解决发动机的积炭以及尾气排放问题,汽油清净添加剂成为现代清洁汽油不可或缺的组成部分。本文综述了积炭的形成机理:积炭的形成过程分为引发和生长两个阶段,同时积炭的形成受到金属表面温度、燃油组成、喷射速率等众多因素的影响。指出利用某种特殊结构的有机胺类物质对金属表面的吸附作用及其对胶质的分散作用可以清除金属表面已经形成的积炭。此外,对汽油清净剂的组成、发展以及性能评价方法作了详细介绍。

During the lifetime of an internal engine, carbon deposit forms at various locations, such as combustion chamber, injection nozzle and inlet valve. Engine carbon deposit has serious influences on the engine efficiency, driveability and exhaust emissions. In order to clean up the carbon deposit, gasoline additives have become a necessary part of modern engine fuel. A large number of research literatures suggest that carbon deposit formation has two steps, i.e. initiation and growth; and these processes would be affected by metal surface temperature, fuel composition, injection rate, and many other factors. The use of a particular structure of the organic amines which can be adsorbed on metal surfaces and disperse pectin can clean the extensive carbon deposit. In addition, the composition, the development and the evaluation method of gasoline detergent have been summarized.