爱因斯坦引发的逻辑哲学问题

The Logic Philosophic Question Initiated from Einstein

依爱因斯坦的观点,逻辑全等于演绎,与归纳并为西方科学的两大成就。认同爱因斯坦的逻辑观,试从"划界"的视角寻求根据。演绎和归纳的界线在于:前者以必然为真的逻辑真理即逻辑规律及相应的有效推理形式为研究对象;后者不研究逻辑真理及有效推理形式,其结论只是或然为真。是否以逻辑真理及相应的推理形式为研究对象,就是逻辑与非逻辑的分界线。演绎与归纳也有关联:均来源于经验。逻辑规律的前身就是归纳结论,经逻辑系统的整合而转身为必然的真命题。逻辑学家通过对逻辑系统的论域作出修正、限制或重新解释,以排除一切可能的反例,就可保证逻辑真理具有永恒的必然性。这就是逻辑学家使或然的归纳结论转化为必然的逻辑真理的诀窍。不能从演绎和归纳在认识中不可分离,推出逻辑必须包括归纳。归纳属于与逻辑同等重要的另一学科:科学方法论。

According to Einstein, logic means deduction, and deduction and induction are the great achievement in Western science. The paper agrees with Einstein and tries to find the basis from the perspective of demarcation. The demarcation between deduction and induction lies in that the research objects of deduction are those necessary logic truth i. e. logic rules and the corresponding reasoning forms, whereas induction does not focus on logic truth and effective reasoning form, and the conclu- sion of induction is probably true. Deduction and induction are also interrelated： both of them come from experience. The original form of logic rules is conclusion through induction, which changes into true proposition through the integration of logic system. Logicians modify, restrict, or re-explain the logic system to remove every counterexample, so as to ensure the everlasting necessity of logic proposi- tion. This is the key for logicians to transform probable induction conclusion into necessary logic prop- osition. The inseparability of induction and deduction does not mean that logic includes induction, which belongs to another discipline： scientific methodology.