不同栽培方式对马铃薯土壤水分状况和产量的影响

Effects of tillage strategies on the topsoil water content and the yield of potato

针对我国西南高寒山区春播马铃薯频繁出现的干旱问题,试验于2009-2010年设置绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式(GMPM)、绿肥聚垄栽培方式(GM)、地膜覆盖栽培方式(PM)、普通翻耕栽培方式(CK)4个不同处理,研究其对马铃薯田间耕层土壤水分状况、生长动态及产量的影响,并用FLINT1模型对水分利用情况进行了分析。结果表明,与普通翻耕栽培方式相比,播种后至封行前,绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式、绿肥栽培方式和地膜覆盖栽培方式田间土壤(0～21cm)含水率比对照平均提高了12.93%,6.30%和10.88%。封行后,绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式和地膜覆盖栽培方式田间土壤含水率比对照平均低6.35%和6.40%。FLINT1模型分析结果显示,地膜绿肥栽培方式和地膜栽培方式在马铃薯生长中后期有一定的水分胁迫。绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式马铃薯的块茎产量比对照增加25.6%,但是地膜覆盖栽培方式马铃薯的块茎产量比对照降低15.8%。因此,绿肥聚垄地膜覆盖栽培方式能显著地提高苗期耕层土壤含水率和马铃薯的块茎产量,地膜覆盖可采取前期覆膜、中后期撤膜的栽培技术措施。

For the purpose of developing new methods to attenuate the impact of drought stress on the spring- planting potato in Southwest China, this study analyzed the effect of tillage strategies on the potato field topsoil water content, the growth dynamic and the tuber yield. We also analyzed and predicted the potential yield and the water use efficiency under different tillage treatments with the FLINT1 potato growth model. The results demonstrated that before the full coverage, compared to the conventional tillage technique treatment （CK）, the topsoil （0-20 cm） water content in the field treated with green manure ＋ plastic mulching mode （GMPM）, green manure （GM） and simply plastic mulching model （PM） increased 12. 93%, 6.30% and 10.88%,respec- tively. While after the full coverage, topsoil water content of the filed treated with GMPM and PM were lower than that of CK at 6.35% and 6.40%. The results of FLINT1 model analysis indicated that the GMPM and PM strategies might induce water stress during the later tuber development stage. However, the tuber yield from GMPM field was 25.6% higher while the yield from PM field was 15.8% lower than that from CK. Therefore, the conclusion is that the GMPM strategy could significantly increased the topsoil water content during early seedling stage and the final tuber yield, therefore, it is a suitable tillage strategy for the production of spring-planting potato in Southwest China; While the plastic model might be applied at early seedling stage and removed during tuber development stage to maintain the high topsoil water content and the yield.