《超越自由与尊严》一书中的伦理思想评述

Comments on the Thinking in Beyond Freedom and Dignity by Skinner

斯金纳《超越自由与尊严》一书关于人的行为完全决定于人同环境的相倚性联系和人是环境的产物的观点 ,用于宏观地考察社会道德的发展是正确的 ,拿来评价个体行为的道德性则忽视了人的主体性和意识的能动性 ;关于价值是正强化 ,价值判断本质上是事实判断的观点对解决事实与价值的关系问题有所启发 ,但也缺乏论证性和说服力。斯氏全书体现了决定论思想 ,虽有片面性和机械论倾向 。

The views expressed in Beyond Freedom and Dignity by Skinner, that mans behavior is entirely determined by the contingencies between him and his environment, and that man is the product of his environment, are correct if applied to a macroscopic investigation into the development of social morals, but they ignore mans role of subject and the activity of consciousness if used to assess the morality of an individuals behavior. Skinners other view, that values are positive reinforcements and value judgements are essentially factual judgements, while throwing some light on the relationship between facts and values, lacks proper demonstration and therefore is not convincing. Though it shows a tendency to one sidedness and mechanism, the work in question as a whole embodies determinism, and many specific statements therein are valuable for reference in dealing with problems in our moral build up.