1Toulmin S. E.. The uses of argument. London: Cambridge Un- iversity Press, 1958:87-99.
2Erduran S., Simon S., Osborne J.. TAPping into argumentati- on:Developments in the application of Toulmin's argument pa- ttern for studying seienee discourse. Seienee Edueation, 2004, 88(6):915-933.
3Driver R., Newton P., Osborne J.. Establishing the norms of scientific argumentation in classrooms.Science Education,2000, 84(3):287-313.
4Kuhn D.. Science as argument: Implications for teaching and learning scientific thinking. Science Education, 1993, 77 (3): 319-337.
5Driver R., Asoko H., Leach J. et al. Constructing scientific knowledge in the classroom. Educational Researcher, 1994, 23 (7):5-12.
6Newton P., Driver R., Osborne J.. The place of argumentation in the pedagogy of school science.International Journal of Sci- ence Education, 1999, 21(5): 553-576.
7Dusehl R., Ellenbogan K., Erduran S.. Promoting argumenta- tion in middle school science classrooms: A Project SEPIA e- valuation. A paper presented at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, Boston.
8Felton M. K.. The development of discourse strategies in ad- olescent argument. Cognitive Development,2004,19(1):35-52.
9Aufschnaiter C., Erdurane S., Osborne J. et al. Arguing to learn and learning to argue: Case studies of how students' ar- gumentation relates to their scientific knowledge. Journal of r- esearch in science teaching, 2008,45(1):101-131.
10Sampson V., Walker J., Dial K. et al. Learning to write in undergraduate chemistry: The impact of Argument-Driven In- quiry.Paper presented at the 2010 Annual International Con- ference of the National Association of Research in Science Teaching (NARST), Philadelphia, PA.
3SIMPSON J, WEINER E. The Oxford English Dictionary: 2nd Edition [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989: 625- 626.
4BRICKER L A, BELL P.Conceptualizations of argumentation from science studies and the learning sciences and their implications for the practices of science education [J]. Science Education, 2008,92 (3) : 473-498.
5SIBEL E, SHIRLEY S, JONAT O.Tapping into argumentation: Developments in the application of toulmin's argument pattern for studying science discourse[J] Science Education, 2004, 88 (6) :915-933.
6Hodson, D. Re- thinking old ways: Towards a more critical approach to practical work in school science [ J ]. Studies in science education. 1993, (22) , 85 - 142.
7Bevan McGuiness, Wolff Michael Roth and Penny J. Gilmer). Laboratories. In John Wallace, & William Louden (Eds). Dilemmas of science teaching: perspectives on problems of practice[ M]. London.. Routledge Falmer. 2002 : 36 - 40.
8Toulmin S.E. The use of argument[M]. London: Cambridge University Press. 1958 : 87 - 99.
9黄翎斐 胡瑞萍.论证与科学教育的理论和实务.科学教育月刊,2006,.
10Osborne J. , Erduran S. , Simon S. Enhancing the quality of argumentation in school Science -J ]. Journal of research in science teaching. 2004, (41), 994 - 1020.