转基因耐除草剂作物的环境风险及管理

Ecological Risks of Herbicide-tolerant Genetically Modified Crops and Associated Management

自1996年第1例转基因作物在美国商业化种植,其在全球的种植面积一直处于持续、快速增长的趋势。2010年,全球转基因作物种植总面积达1.48×108hm2,所种植的转基因作物主要是耐除草剂和抗虫作物,其中耐除草剂作物占种植总面积的81%。耐除草剂作物的种植为杂草的高效控制提供了新的手段,但其可能带来的生态环境风险也引起了全世界各国的广泛关注和争议。该文在总结归纳前人研究的基础上,针对耐除草剂作物的基因漂移、杂草化及对生物多样性的影响等当前人们普遍关注的环境风险问题,系统讨论了相关的风险评价程序和方法,概括和分析了当前耐除草剂作物的环境风险研究进展和管理措施,以期为我国转基因耐除草剂作物的开发、风险评价及管理提供依据。

Since the first planting of genetically modified （GM） plants in the United States, in 1996, the global commercial growing area of GM crops has been steadily increasing; in 2010, the total growing area reached 148 million hm2. Cur- rently, the main commercial traits are herbicide tolerance （HT） and insect resistance, with HT crops occupying 81% of the total hectares of GM plants. Although use of herbicide-tolerant crops largely extends the herbicide application space, it may pose environmental risks that have been a continual concern and debated worldwide. We examined the literature and here discuss the environmental risks related to herbicide-tolerant GM crops, focusing on gene flow, weediness and effects on biodiversity, as well as corresponding assessment procedures and methods. We summarize the current re- search progress and the associated risk management strategies to provide the scientific basis for development, risk as- sessment and management of herbicide-tolerant GM crops in China.