汽车制造业工人肌肉骨骼疾患工效学因素分析

Ergonomic factors of musculoskeletal disorders in automotive manufacturing workers

目的研究汽车制造行业工人患肌肉骨骼疾患(MSDs)的工效学危险因素。方法采取分层整群抽样的方式,从广东省3家汽车生产企业随机抽取冲压、焊装、涂装及总装工人共1 065名,对其进行问卷调查,内容包括个人一般情况、工效学危险作业活动及肌肉骨骼疾患症状。结果颈部(38.87%)与背部(31.83%)的大角度弯曲及高度重复性伴手部大角度高度用力活动(39.34%)是汽车企业作业过程最为突出的工效学危险姿势或动作,各工种的暴露与患病情况各有不同;在MSDs的多因素Logistic分析中,各部位的危险姿势或动作与相应部位的肌肉骨骼疾患有关,此外,颈部的不适症状还与工龄(OR=1.238)相关,膝盖的不适症状与体重(OR=1.644)相关。结论汽车制造企业工人的职业性肌肉骨骼疾患与其作业中相应部位典型工效学危险活动或姿势有关,应采取措施改善和控制作业过程中的高危因素,预防肌肉骨骼疾患的发生。

Objective To study workplace ergonomic risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders among workers in automotive industry. Methods With stratified cluster sampling,1 065 workers engaged in stamping,welding,painting,and assembling in three automotive manufacturing enterprises were selected and investigated on general personal infomation,specific physical risk factors in workplace,and musculoskeletal pain with a questionnaire survey. Results Neck（38.87%）and back（31.83%）wide-angle bend,high repetitive motion,wide-angle bending,and high forceful exertion with hand（39.34%） were the most prominent activity or posture in operation process,with different exposures and illness during the workings of different work types.The results of multivariate logistic analyses showed that the musculoskeletal pain was related to incorrect posture or repeated tasks.The pain in neck related to the duration of working（odds ratio=1.238）,and kness pain was related to body weight（odds ratio=1.644）. Conclusion The work-related musculoskeletal disorders in automobile manufacturing workers are related to incorrect posture or repeated tasks during working.Measures should be taken to improve and control ergonomic risk factors at workplace for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders.