城乡规划中“公共福祉”的判定研究——一则著名美国案例的分析及其对中国的启示

On Judgment of Public Welfare in Urban Planning——Analysis of Well-known American Case and Its Enlightenment to China

对于美国城市规划判例中的著名案件"劳雷尔山Ⅰ案"判决的解读,可以分析得出:城市规划中"公共福祉"的判断不应仅限于规划所辖地域范围内的利益考虑,还应考虑受规划影响的地域和人群;人的基本住房需求是"公共福祉"的绝对要素,当公共福祉的各要素间冲突时,要素的重要性以及手段和目标之间的不可替代性成为在具体情况下公共福祉判断的关键;"公共福祉"实现需要私人和公共行为共同作用。以上结论对于我国城乡规划制定中应考虑的利益范围的确定及其考量因素冲突的选择,提供了启示。

It can be learnt from the case of Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Township of Mount Laurel （Mount Laurel I） that when judging the public welfare in urban planning, not only the interests within the area but also the external areas and people being impacted should be taken into consideration. Basic housing need is the absolute element of public welfare. When conflicts among different elements occur, the significance of the element and the irreplaceability of the method for the purpose are the keys to judge. The realization of public welfare depends on the cooperation of both private and public actions. The above conclusions are of great reference value for us in definition of the public interest scope and in the balance of these interests, which should be considered in urban planning.