渭北旱塬不同覆盖材料对旱作农田土壤水分及春玉米产量的影响

Effect of different mulching materials on arid-field soil moisture and spring maize yield in Weibei arid fields

为了探索半湿润区沟垄覆盖栽培条件下春玉米田的蓄墒效果和增产增收效应,2009—2010年在渭北旱塬采用普通地膜、生物降解膜和液态膜,设置了不同沟垄覆盖栽培模式,连续2a对土壤水分、产量和经济效益进行分析研究。结果表明,在玉米全生育期,普通地膜和生物降解膜能有效改善土壤的水分利用状况。与传统平作（对照）相比,普通地膜和生物降解膜覆盖处理,0~200 cm土壤平均贮水量分别增加了9.2%和8.6%,液态膜覆盖表现不稳定。2 a玉米平均产量普通地膜和生物降解膜分别较对照提高19.23%和17.82%（P〈0.05）,水分利用效率平均提高21.49%和20.25%;经济效益以普通地膜和生物降解膜最高,2 a平均纯收益分别较对照增收22.09%和20.44%,而液态膜处理的产量、水分利用效率及经济效益与对照均无显著差异。可见,覆盖生物降解膜和普通地膜有良好的蓄水保墒效果,显著增加了作物产量和水分利用效率,因此生物降解膜可以代替普通地膜应用于农业生产。

During the year 2009 to 2010,various covering ditch cultivation modes have been applied to arid fields in Weibei using common mulch,biodegradable film mulch and liquid film mulch.This research on soil moisture,yield and economic benefit lasting two successive years aimed at an analytical study on the growth and yield-promotion of spring maize.The research showed that during the full development of spring maize,employment of common mulch and biodegradable film mulch can effectively facilitate water consumption of soil.Compared to traditional cultivation（CK）,for soil with its thickness from 0 to 200 cm,use of common mulch and biodegradable film mulch had increased the average water reservation capacity by 9.2% and 8.6% respectively,whereas unstable results were detected in fields with recourse to liquid film mulch.During the two-year experiment,fields with recourse to common mulch and biodegradable film mulch saw an average increase in yield： 19.23% and 17.82%（P0.05） respectively,average water use efficiency： 21.49% and 20.25%.The economic benefit brought by employment of common mulch and biodegradable film mulch was also the most evident with an average increase in net income 22.09% and 20.44%,whereas the employment of liquid film mulch saw no evident increase in yield,water use efficiency and economic benefit.A preliminary conclusion was thus reached that application of common mulch and biodegradable film mulch could significantly increase the yield and water use efficiency with no evident difference between the two treatments.Therefore, biodegradable film mulch could be employed in agricultural practice as substitution of common mulch.