欧盟航空减排贸易指令的国际法分析——兼评中欧航空减排争议

Analysis on EU Directive on Aviation ETS from Perspective of International Law

欧盟将航空业纳入减排贸易体系的指令,不仅将冲击国际航空业,还挑战了现有的国际法规则。不少国家及其航空业协会声称反对欧盟的单方面措施。美国航空业协会已经开始了相应的法律诉讼,中国、印度等29国的航空业宣布抵制欧盟航空碳税计划。欧盟坚称其措施具有国际法上的正当性,是控制航空业温室气体排放的合法措施。因此,有必要从国际法的角度,探讨欧盟航空减排贸易指令合法与否。通过对《京都议定书》,尤其是对第2条进行文本分析、历史分析和目的解释,结合共同而有区别责任原则的分析可知,欧盟单方面针对国际航班征收碳税的措施不合法,也不适当。

The EU directive of including aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading has challenged both the operation of international aviation industries and international law,which has been heavily criticized by aviation associations and industries of many non-EU countries,especially those from US,China and India. Airlines of USA initiated a lawsuit in 2009 in UK. Concerned airlines from more than 29 countries,including China and India,challenged and declared the illegality of EU＇s measure,while EU insisted the legitimacy of their measures. This article has discussed the EU directive of aviation ETS from the perspective of intemational law ,especially the principle of common but differentiate responsibility and article 2 of the Kyoto Protocol,and reached the conclusion that EU＇s unilateral measure is illegal and inappropriate on international level.