2DICKSTEIN K,COHEN-SOLAL A,FILIPPATOS G,et al.ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure2008:the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure2008of the European Society of Cardiology.Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC(HFA)and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine(ESICM)[J].Eur Heart J,2008,29(19):2388-2442.
3JESSUP M,ABRAHAM W T,CASEY D E,et al.2009focused update:ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines[J].Circulation,2009,119(14):1977-2016.
5ZELIS R,FLAIM S F,MOSKOWITZ R M,et al.How much can we expect from vasodilator therapy in congestive heart failure?[J].Circulation,1979,59(6):1092-1097.
6FUNCK-BRENTANO C.Beta-blockade in CHF:from contraindication to indication[J].Eur Heart J Suppl,2006,8(Suppl C):C19-C27.
7BRAUNWALD E,CHIDSEY C A.The adrenergic nervous system in the control of normal and failing heart[J].Proc R Soc Med,1965,58(12):1063-1066.
8SWEDBERG K.Beta-blockers in heart failure:how it all began[J].ACC Curr J Rev,2001,10(1):61.
9WAAGSTEIN F,HJALMARSON A,VARNAUSKAS E,et al.Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy[J].Br Heart J,1975,37(10):1022-1036.
10EICHHORN E J.Restoring function in failing heart:the effects of beta-blockers[J].Am J Med,1998,104(2):163-169.
4[1]CIBIS-Ⅱ Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study Ⅱ (CIBIS Ⅱ): a randomized trial. Lancet, 1999,353: 9-13.
5[2]MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet, 1999, 353:2001-2007.
6[3]Packer M, Coats AJS, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med, 2001,344:1651-1658.
7[5]Packer M, Cohn JN, Abraham WT, et al. Consensus recommendations for management of chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 1999, 83:1A-38A.
8[6]Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treartment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J,2001, 22:1527-1560.
9[7]Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al. Carvediol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation,1996, 94:2807-2816.
10[8]Wikstrand J, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F, et al. Dose of metoprolol CR/XL and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. Analysis of the experience in Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized International Trial in Chronic Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). J Am Coll Cardiol, 2002, 40:491-498.
6Olsson LG,Swedberg K,Clark AL,et al.Six minute corridor walk test as an outcome measure for the assessment of treatment in randomized,blinded intervention trials of chronic heart failure:a systematic review[J].Eur Heart J,2005,26(8):778-793.
