从市公所到区公所——20世纪上半叶无锡城区管理体制的演变与分析

From city office to district office——an analysis of the development of Wuxi city's management system in the first half of 20th century

20世纪上半叶,在中国政局的大变迁中,城区管理体制也发生了"范式"更替,开始从分散到集中,从绅治到官治。本文以无锡为例,具体描述这种变化的轨迹:20世纪初年,小小的无锡县城里有两个县衙,城区管理碎片化,完整的行政区域被各层级的行政区切成块状分别进行管理;1910年市自治公所成立后,实行城乡分治,城区管理一体化;国民党执政后,"国家"加强了对"社会"的控制与渗透,由绅商掌控的地方性行政系统"市公所"被国家行政系统"区公所"所替代,城区管理由"自治"转为"官治",走向行政化与官僚化。但以钱孙卿为首的绅商们依托商会、县市公产公款管理委员会等合法社团,继续干预城区管理与地方政治,国民政府在地方所推行的行政化遇到绅商强有力的挑战,只得适可而止。

In the first half of 20th century,with the change of China＇ s political situation,there also were some paradigm replacement in the structure of city management： from decentralized management to centralized management,from gentry＇s rule to official＇s rule.This paper takes Wuxi as an example,describing these changes in detail： in the beginning of 20th century,as a small county,Wuxi had two county seats,whose city management system was fragmented and integral administrative region was cut into lumps by levels to be managed.Since 1910 when the city autonomy office was founded,it has been managed under the system in which rural and urban regions were ruled separately and urban areas were in integrated management.When the Kuomintang took the power,the state strengthened the control over the society,and the city office which was ruled by gentry and businessmen was replaced by district office which belonged to state administrative system.Thus city management changed from autonomy to official control which tended to administrative and bureaucratic.However,the gentry and businessmen led by Qian Sunqing continuously intervened in the city management and local politics,reling on Chamber of Commerce and City Public Property,Funds Management Committee and other legal associations.The Kuomintang suffered challenges from gentry and businessmen in the process of administration of the regions which had to be stopped before going farther.