交通规划与融资机制的演变——美国高速公路百年史回顾

Evolution of transportation planning and financing mechanism: Review on the centennial history of highways in the USA

回顾美国高速公路发展的百年历史,探讨交通规划、融资机制及其二者之间的相互关系。通过对比不同时期的规划理念,发现早期规划已经考虑了交通与土地利用的关系,中间的州际高速时期则注重公路自身能力提高,后期则更加强调综合协调。从财政受益原则角度对高速公路的财税政策进行了比较分析,发现早期的物业税与后来的燃油税在融资功能与激励功能两方面存在很大差异;并从财政转移支付角度阐述了联邦政府的交通资金分配政策变化对规划理念及其实施效果的影响。研究美国公路发展历史,对于理解研究不同尺度空间概念具有重要的地理学意义,同时对我国交通政策规划和空间管治亦具有借鉴作用。

This paper reviews the development history of highways in the USA and discusses the relationship between the transportation planning and financing mechanisms.In the early period of American transportation planning,coordinated transportation and land use were taken into consideration;in the era of Interstate Highway,it became important for vehicle throughput on highway to be improved;since the 1990s comprehensive coordination has been the government priority.The changes in transportation planning have a profound financial background and reasons.As far as incentive function and financing function are concerned,there are great differences between the early property tax and the later fuel tax on the benefit principle.The method used to fund interstate highway development has had long-lasting effects on the planning thought and projects implementation.Finally,the authors point out the geographical significance in research on the history of highways in the USA,from which we can learn a lot for the development of transportation in China.