隔离与融合:新疆喀纳斯景区旅游规划中的利益博弈

SEPARATION AND INTEGRATION: TENSION AND NEGOTIATION AMONG STAKEHOLDERS REGARDING THE TOURISM PLANNING OF THE KANAS SCENIC AREA,XINJIANG,CHINA

旅游规划是一个地区对于未来旅游业发展的一种项目计划和制度安排,因此,在旅游规划编制以及落实过程中会涉及到各相关利益方的博弈。在我国一些少数民族地区,未被工业化的社会形态和结构成为一种稀缺的吸引物,旅游业成为当地具有较强比较优势的经济产业。但在旅游开发规划中,当地居民的利益诉求往往被忽视。新疆喀纳斯旅游规划应用了居民区与旅游区相隔离的战略,在达到了功能分区的目的的同时也引起了相关利益方之间的利益博弈,引发了我们对于编制旅游规划的程序和实体改革方向的思考。

The research examines the tensions between stakeholders（governments,tourism entrepreneurs,local ethnic minorities and tourists） in relation to the tourism development plans of the Kanas Scenic Area,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.Based on the discussion of the tensions,a series of suggestions for tourism development plans,including the procedural and substantial justice,are discussed.The separation of tourism areas and local residential areas proposed in Xinjiang Kanas＇s tourism development plans aims to divide different functional regions.Meanwhile,it leads to the tensions between stakeholders in the implementation process.Planners＇ ethics and values in planning process are addressed.Tourism planning serves various purposes for infrastructure and planning projects and institutional arrangements,leading to negotiations among different stakeholders.Governments＇ interests are often fully considered in the plans;while locals＇ demands are not.In some minority areas of China,minority people are usually marginalized or disadvantaged economically and politically because they have limited control over tourism resources and activities.The perspectives of multiple stakeholders should be taken into account so as to achieve balance among the conflicting interests of stakeholders.All stakeholders should have a voice in tourism planning in order to ensure understanding and to solicit broad support for the implementation of the plans.Planners require paying more attention to the consequences of tourism planning and development.Tourism development planning brings a re-distribution of interests between the stakeholders with resultant tensions.Within the broader context of a call for political reforms and a harmonious society,the Kaldor-Hicks efficiency model is recommended.Planners should regard planning as a dynamic and continuous process,following up the plan implementation with monitoring,and adjust the plans when necessary.Procedural justice and stakeholder equality need to be addressed in tourism planning.