善的理念与真的生活——舍斯托夫论苏格拉底

Concept of "Kindness" and Truthful Life——Shestov on Socrates

苏格拉底最大的思想贡献在于提出"善的理念",这一思想把天道和人道结合起来,一方面使人性之善上升到世界万物最高本体的地位;另一方面,又用道德本体赋予了世界万物以秩序性和目的性,从而克服了古希腊命运观的盲目性和逻各斯的外部自然性。但舍斯托夫认为苏格拉底哲学中存在着两种混淆和偷换:以人性善恶混淆和偷换自然好坏;用完善的理念混淆和偷换现实的理念。这样用抽象理念代替真实生活,使哲学成为说教。进而舍斯托夫认为,存在着苏格拉底的双重形象,即历史学家记述的苏格拉底与真实的苏格拉底。

Socrates＇ greatest intellectual contribution lies with his proposal of the ＂concept of kindness＂, which com- bines celestial laws with humanism. On the one hand, this elevates the kindness in human nature onto the supreme level of ontology among all beings in the world; on the other hand, it utilizes the moral ontology to bestow order and purposes on all these beings. As a result, Socrates could overcome the blindness of ancient Greek concept of fate and the external attributes of Logos. However, Shestov believes that the Socratic philosophy contains two types of confusion and substitution ： using the idea of kindness or evil in human nature to confuse and substitute the good and bad in nature; using the concept of perfec- tion to confuse and substitute the concept of actuality. The act of using abstract concepts to substitute actual life turns phi- losophy into preaching; furthermore, Shestov proposes the double images of Socrates ： Socrates as recorded by historians and the actual Socrates.