我们应该如何应对认知分歧

A Study of Methods for Resolving Cognitive Disagreements

如何应对认知分歧?以"调和主义"立场为基础的均等权重方案认为应该折中各自的观点,取得一个平均信念。以"坚持主义"立场为基础的整体主义方案则认为要在整体证据的基础上进行信念修正。以正确推理观为基础的确证主义方案认为,认知分歧可以通过分歧与自身其他特征间的相互作用得到解决。上述三种方案中,前两种方案存在一种立场和方案之间的紧张关系。均等权重观方案并不能真正代表调和主义立场,整体主义方案的结果更像是调和主义的。因此,有必要用一种改进了的确证主义方案来合理地应对认知分歧问题。首先,必须承认认知对等者这一概念具有一种可以被部分击败的特性;其次,主体必须对高阶证据进行评估,而且这种评估只能在对原先信念的重新确证中进行。

How do we resolve cognitive disagreements7 The equal weight view based on the ＂reconcilism＂ posits that epistemic peers should reconcile different opinions to reach an average belief. The total evidence view based on the ＂stead- fastism＂ insists that we should modify our beliefs according to the total evidence. The justification view based on correct reasoning argues that cognitive disagreements can be resolved by interactions between differences and between their own characteristics. It is argued that in the first two views there is tension between the position and methods. The methods based on the equal weight view cannot fully represent the position of reconcilism, whereas the results of methods favored by the to- tal evidence view are more like those of methods favored by reconcilism. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate an improved justification methodology to resolve cognitive disagreements in a reasonable way. First, it must be argued that the concept of cognitive peers has a characteristic which can be partially defeated. Second, we must evaluate the higher order evidence in the nrocess of re-iustifvin~ the initial beliefs_