真理的前提性批判——对西方近代哲学认识论的再认识

The Prerequisite Criticism of Truth:Review on Modern Western Philosophy Epistemology

哲学史上任何体系都有自己的前提,他们的真理都依赖于前提的正确性。因此,哲学家们都要寻求一个绝对正确的前提作为出发点,以保证自己体系的真理性。所以,寻求一个确定无疑的出发点就成为哲学的首要任务,尤为突出的是近代西方哲学中唯理论与经验论之争。他们之间相互斗争,相互促进,不断审视,拷问真理的向度、源头和基础,从而酿成了其"前提性"的理性独断,最后滑向了独断论和怀疑论的深渊。康德用"哥白尼式的革命"试图调和此争,但使得认识主体和"物自体"之间又出现了一道不可逾越的鸿沟。黑格尔以"实体即主体"为核心,将认识论与本体论统一起来,弥合了历史所留下的鸿沟,但黑格尔所营造的形而上学体系却如空中楼阁,终究失去了现实意义。直至马克思从科学的实践观出发,明确提出实践是检验真理的唯一标准,从而消解了传统形而上学,建构了实践哲学,为主客体搭建了一座桥梁,真正弥合了这个鸿沟,确立了实践是检验真理的唯一标准的真理观。

Any historical system of philosophy has its premise.Their truth all depends on a correct premise.So,in order to ensure the truth of the system,the philosopher will find an absolute and right premise as their starting point.And then,finding a certainty starting point becomes the philosophy＇s principal task,especially about the controversy between Rationalism and Empiricism in modern western philosophy.They fight each other,promote and examine each other,and question the dimension,resource,and basis of truth,thus resulting in the rational arbitrary of truth.At last,they slide into Dogmatism and Skepticism.Kant tried to use ＂Copernican revolution＂ to mediate this controversy.But he made Cognitive subject and ＂things itself＂ have a gap that can not be crossed.Hegel used ＂substance is namely substance＂ as the center,uniting both Epistemology and Ontology to supplement the gap that had been left by history.But Hegel＇s Metaphysics system was just like a lonely castle in the air,which eventually lost realistic significance.Finally Marx started from scientific view of practice and proposed a statement that practice is the sole criterion for testing truth,so to eliminate traditional metaphysics and construct the Practical philosophy.Thus Marx set up a bridge that can link subject with object,and truly make up for the defect,and established ＂Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth＂.