3Wongchanapa W,Tsang BK,He ZI.et al.Differential involvement of opioid receptors in intrathecal butorphanol-induced analgesia,compared to morphine.Pharmacol Biochem Behav,1998,59(3),723-727.
4Rawal N.Nuutinen L.Raj PP,et al.Behavioral and histopatho-logic effects following intrathecal administration of butorphanol,sufentanil,and nalbuphine in sheep.Anesthesiology,1991,75 (6),1025-1034.
5Commiskey S,Fan LW,Ho IK,et al.Butorphanol:effects of a Prototypical agonist-antagonist analgesic on icappa-opioid receptors.J Pharmacol Sci,2005,98(2),109-116.
6Monkovic I,Conway TT,Wong H et al.Letter:total synthesis and pharmacological activities of N-ubstituted 3,14-dihydroxy-morphinans.J Am Chem Soc,1973,95(23):7910-7912.
7Jaw SP.Hoskins B,Ho IK.Opioid antagonists and butorphanol dependence.Pharmacol Biochem Behav,1993,44(3):497-500.
8Heel RC,Brogden RN,Speight TM et aL Butorphanol:a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy.Drugs,1978,16(5),473-505.
9Asik I, Yorukoglu D, Gulay I. et al. Pain on Injection of Porpofol:Comparison of Metoprolol with Lidocaine[ J ]. Eur J Anaesthesiol,2003,20(6):487-489.