重道轻文观念之变与文的自觉

The Concept From Stress on Taoism to Literary Language and What Text Implies

孔子在探讨具体事实和道理时要求言意协调,对于本体道———"天道"则流露出"言不尽意"的倾向。老子以本体道———根本道理来反思各种具体道,要求超越具体的"言"。韩非、墨子重视具体道而轻视言和文,庄子领悟老子的本体道而提倡忘言。汉代学者将孔老之道作了认识论和实践论方面的具体解释,重道轻文,重意轻言。何晏以"无"消解了政治伦理之道,强调"道"的不可言说;王弼以无为用,既用本体道来反思具体道,又由具体道去领悟本体道,形成道文同一、言意兼重的观念,消除了圣人和一般人、经典和一般著述之间的界限,不仅促进了文的自觉,也促进了人的自觉。

In the process of exploring the fact and ideas,Confucius advocates that language should be consistent with meaning.As to ontology,he expresses that the Great Tao can not be expressed adequately.While Laozi reflects the specific Taos through ontology,Tao should overtake language.Hanfitzu anf Mozi lay emphasis on the fact rather than text and language.Zhuangzi learns Confucian concept and he advocates neglecting expressive techniques and language.Scholars in the Han Dynasty give the epistemological and practical explanation that emphasis should be laid on Tao instead of text,meaning instead of language.He Yan decontrusts political ethics with nothing.He stresses that Tao cannot be expressed clearly.He considers that nothing is everything,that is specific Tao should be introspected by ontological Tao,ontological Tao should be understood by specific Tao so that Tao agrees with text,text cooperates with meaning.As a result,the boundaries between saints and ordinary people,classics and works are eliminated,the meaning of text is highlighted,and the meaning of text can be reached.