1Ovadia DN, Beals Rk. Fractures of the tibia plafond. J bone Joint Surg Am, 1986,68:543-551.
2Robinson CM, McLauchlan GJ, McLean IP, et al. Distal metaphyseal frac- tures of the tibia with minimal involvement of the ankle. Classification and treatment by locked intramedullary nailing. J Bone Joint Surg, 1995,77 : 781-787.
3Zelle BA, Bhandari M, Espiritu M, et al. Treatment of distal tibia fractures without articular involvement:a systematic review of 1125 fractures. J Or- thop Trauma,2006,20:76-79.
4McFerran MA, Smith SW, Boulas H J, et al. Complications encountered in the treatment of pilon fractures. J Orthop Traum, 1992,6 : 195-200.
5Gustilo RB, Anderson JT. The prevention of infection in treatment of 1000 and 25 open fractures of long bones-retrospective and prospective analy- sis. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 1976,58:453-458.
6Marsh JL, Slongo TF, Agel J, et al. Fracture and dislocation classification- Compendium-Orthopaedic Trauma Association Classification, atabaseand Outcomes Committee. J Orthop Trauma,2007,21:51-54.
7Mohammed A, Saravanan R, Zammit J, et al. Intramedullary tibial nailing in distal third tibial fractures:distal locking screws and fracture non-u- nion. Int Orthop ,2008,32:547-549.
8Joveniaux P. Distal tibia fractures:management and complications of 101 cases. Int Orthop ,2010,34:583-588.
9Sarmiento A, Latta LL. 450 closed fractures of the distal third of the tibia treated With a functional brace. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2003,408 : 261- 271.
10Bostman O, Vainionpaa S, Saikku K. Infra-isthmal longitudinal fractures of the Tibial diaphysis : results of treatment using closed intramedullary compression nailing. J Trauma, 1984,24:964-969.
2Gustilo RB. Interobserver agreement in the classification ofopen fractures of the tibia: the results of a survey of twohundred and forty-five orthopaedic surgeons [J]. J Bone JointSurg Am, 1995, 77(8): 1291-1292.
3Newey ML, Ricketts D, Roberts L. The AO classification oflong bone fractures: an early study of its use in clinicalpractice [J]. Injury, 1993, 24(5): 309-312.
4Bekmezci T, Baca E, Kocaba- R, et al. Early results oftreatment with expandable intramedullary nails in tibia shaftfractures [J]. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2005, 39(5):421-424.