公民教育方案与卢梭的启蒙之思

"Civil Education" and Rousseau's Reflections on Enlightenment

对启蒙运动的反思是卢梭思想体系的关键主题。卢梭在个人、社会和国家的具体层面对启蒙思想进行了诊断和质疑,并尝试以公民教育方案实现对启蒙运动的积极取代。公民教育方案以自然和公民美德作为理想人格的双重准则,尝试以自然人为起点,完成对爱国公民的塑造。然而,自然和公民美德的两种原则之间存在着内在张力,这个张力决定了公民教育方案的矛盾性,也导致公民教育方案对启蒙的超越并未完成。对卢梭思想前提的分析表明,公民教育方案的矛盾,来源于卢梭对政治的自然性的拒绝。把握卢梭与自然哲人的内在思想关联,有助于理解卢梭思想的复杂性。

Rousseau＇s reflection on enlightenment serves as one basic theme within his philosophy. Rousseau examines the idea of enlightenment on specific levels of individual, society and modern state, intending to overcome the design of enlightenment by his system of civil education. Rousseau＇s system of civil education plans to shape natural individuals into patriotic citizens, following the dual-criteria of nature and public virtue. However, the tension between nature and public virtues, leads the system of civil education into self-controversy, and suspends the effort of overcoming the design of enlighten- ment. An analysis of the premises within Rousseau＇s thoughts shows that, the inner-controversy of the system of civil education is determined by Rousseau＇s denial of the proposition that ＂men are political animals by nature＂. The complexity of Rousseau＇s thoughts would be better understood, with our awareness of the philosophic similarity between Rousseau and ancient natural philosophers.