西方教育领域的种族或族群优惠政策对于我国的借鉴意义——以美国“肯定性行动”为例

Positive Experiences and Negative Lessons Brought by Western Racial or Ethnic Preferential Policy in Western Educational Field-An Example of Affirmative Action

本文以美国"肯定性行动"为例,探讨了西方教育领域的种族或族群优惠政策的借鉴意义。美国经验说明,在各族群之间差距较大的情况下,政府可以使用带有种族或族群意识的政策进行干预,但是随着差距的缩小,这类政策必将成为过去。在政策的实施过程中,政府需要把握好尺度,以免造成"反向歧视"和"污名化"问题。此外,"肯定性行动"现阶段所遭遇到的困境说明两点;一是任何一项种族或族群优惠政策,从逐渐弱化到最终取消,都需要经历较长的过渡阶段;二是政策的定位不能只是停留在高等教育入学阶段,解决各族群在基础教育阶段的差距,才是问题的关键所在。

Xuhu,Aoxi,Xiani,Danixi are four concepts used to express the ethnic relationship between Salar and Tibet. Among them, Xuhu and Danix are most popular. As a Tibetan word, Xuhu means ＂friend＂ while Daxini, a Salar word, refers to ＂acquaintance＂, or ＂friend＂ by extension, which is frequently used to show the relationship between Salar and Tibet in Xunhua on the border between Gansu and Qinhai province. In Xunhua, Salar and Tibet are closely connected by providing mutual aids and frequent exchanges. But this can not be explained by American sociologist Gordon＇s the- ory of ethnic relations that measures ethnic relationship in terms of the rate of intermarriage. Through deep investiga- tion and constant observation, the author holds the idea that ethnic relationship can not only be judged by intermarriage and the rate of it, esoeciallv in Salar＇s case.