生态批评的三次“浪潮”及“生态诗学”的现象学建构问题

Three Waves of Ecocriticism and Phenomenological Construction of Ecopoetics

从上个世纪80年代到现在,生态批评经历了三次明显的"浪潮"。"第一次浪潮"强调生态批评与科学联姻,但忽视了它的文化价值;"第二次浪潮"重视生态批评的文化价值,但研究对象主要是英美国家的生态文学;"第三次浪潮"强调生态批评的全球化语境,但研究内容过度宽泛,成为一种无所不包的文学批评。三次"浪潮"各有自己的特点,也各有自己的不足。为了弥补生态批评的这些不足,人们不仅应该引入并且应该重视现象学的研究方法。尽管它不会也不可能成为一种一统天下的方法,但它可以有效克服传统的二元对立,打破人类中心主义的禁锢,建立起人与自然的和谐关系,从而在生态文学研究中发挥重要作用。

From the 80s of the 20th century up to now,ecocriticism has witnessed three striking 'waves'.'The first wave' emphasizes its close relationship with science but neglects its cultural value;'the second wave' pays special attention to its cultural value,but the objects are confined to English and American ecological literatures;'the third wave' highlights its global context,but practically nothing is left out of its study.Obviously,each of these 'waves' has its merits and demerits.In order to overcome these demerits,we should not only introduce but also give special attention to phenomenological method in ecocriticism.Although it is impossible for it to become a dominant method,it will play an important role in the following aspects: effectively breaking the traditional dualistic opposit,getting rid of the control of anthropocentrism,and establishing harmonious relationship between human being and nature.