近代中国政治自由主义的发展轨迹与演进形态——以近代自由主义的三份标志性文本为中心

The Evolutionary Routes and Patterns of Political Liberalism in Modern China——Centered on Three Significant Texts of Modern Liberalism

近代中国政治自由主义的发生发展,大致以1903年严复翻译出版《群己权界论》、1922年5月14日胡适等人发表《我们的政治主张》、1941年10月10日中国民主政团同盟发表《中国民主政团同盟对时局主张纲领》三份标志性文本为节点,经历了个体发声——同人结社——组织政党三个阶段;而言论形式则经由从学理到理念再到政纲的三部曲,依次出现了以严复为代表的专注于思想启蒙的启蒙型自由主义,以胡适为代表的徘徊于文化与政治之间的议政型自由主义,以20世纪40年代"中间路线"为代表的着重于参政从政的行动型自由主义三种演进形态;总的趋向是,从思想向行动、从理念向操作、从论政向从政滑动,实践色彩不断增强。其思想演变的基本轨迹是,由市场转向社会与政府,由经济层面的自由转向社会与政治层面的平等均富,由古典自由主义的反对政府干预、鼓励自由竞争的"放任主义"转到新自由主义主张政府干预的"干涉主义",进而倾向于社会主义。

The three significant texts of On Liberty, translated by Yan Fu in 1903, Our Political Propositions, published by Hu Shi and others on May 14, 1922, and The Guiding Principles and Propositions on Current Situation of China ＇s Democratic Alliance of Political Groups, published by the same organization on October 10, 1941, were a watershed during its origin and development for modern political liberalism. While the force of liberalists went through three stages of individual articulation, organizations for comrades, and creation of political parties, their remarks experienced three forms of theories, principles, and platforms in succession, respectively represented by the enlightment liberalism of Yan Fu, who paid attention to enlightment of thought, politics discussing liberalism of Hu Shi, who oscillated between culture and politics, and politics participating liberalism of the centrists in the 1940s, who put emphasis on participation in political affairs. With the enhancement of practical nature, the main trend was from thought to action, from ideals to practices, and from politics discussion to politics participation. The basic outline of thought was from market to society and government, from economic freedom to social and political equality, and from laissez fair of classic liberalism to governmental intervention of neo-liberalism or socialism.