分子分型技术在乳酸菌鉴定及多态性研究中的应用

Advances in Molecular Approaches and Their Applications in Lactic Acid Bacteria

分子分型技术迅速发展与革新已在乳酸菌鉴定及多态性研究方面得到广泛应用。研究发现,遗传变异是产生乳酸菌多态性的根本原因,对遗传变异的检测与分析有助于人们从分子层面理解乳酸菌的各种生物学现象;分子分型及其与表型特性的相关性为我们解释遗传变异提供了丰富的材料。基于基因或DNA基础的分子分型技术(如16S rRNA,RAPD,PCR-PFLP,AFLP等)常被用于乳酸菌的分类鉴定、多态性分析、生态学研究及进化研究等。近几年,随着分子生物学技术的进步,这些常规的分型技术体系逐渐得到发展和完善,它们的优缺点及应用范围也被人们所掌握。本研究概述了几种常用于乳酸菌分类鉴定及多态性研究的分子分型技术(16S rRNA,16S-23S rRNA,RAPD,PCR-PFLP,PFGE,AFLP,rep-PCR),并对这些技术的原理、方法、优缺点及其近几年在乳酸菌研究中的应用进行了介绍。

Recent years have seen an explosion in the development and application of molecular tools on identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria. Research shows that genetic variation is the root cause of genetic diversity. Detection and analysis of genetic variation can help us understand the molecular basis of various biological phenomena in lactic acid bacteria. Since the entire lactic acid bacteria kingdom cannot be covered under sequencing projects, molecular markers and their correlation to phenotypes provide us with requisite landmarks for elucidation of genetic variation. Genetic or DNA based marker techniques such as 16S rRNA, 16S-23 S rRNA, RAPD, PCR-PFLP, AFLP and rep-PCR are routinely being used in evolutionary, taxonomical, phylogenic and genetic studies of lactic acid bacteria. With the advancement of molecular biology, these molecular techniques have been well established and their advantages as well as limitations have been realized. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of some rapid and reliable molecular methods used for identifying and characterizing species and strains of LAB associated with food and industry. Their principles, methodologies, advantages, disadvantages as well as aDNicabilitv are detailed.