恩格斯《费尔巴哈论》的批判逻辑探析

On Engels' Logic of Criticism in “On Feuerbach”

恩格斯写作《费尔巴哈论》的直接目的是为了批判施达克对费尔巴哈思想的理解。恩格斯在正式评析"费尔巴哈哲学"主题之前,先讨论了"黑格尔哲学"和"哲学基本问题"。原因在于,恩格斯要通过这两个问题的讨论澄清和阐明两个层面的前提:第一,深层的批判前提,费尔巴哈为什么需要施达克保护,为什么施达克通过"唯心主义"的定性就能达到保护的目的;第二,批判的直接前提,既然施达克用来"保护费尔巴哈"的根据是"唯心主义",那么施达克意义上的"唯心主义"是什么,唯心主义与唯物主义的真实内涵又是什么。理解了这两个理论前提,就能明白恩格斯《费尔巴哈论》的批判逻辑。

The direct purpose for Engels to write ＂On Feuerbach＂ was to criticize Shi Dake＇s understanding of Feuerbach＇s ideas. In that work, Engels discussed ＂Hegel＇s philosophy＂and ＂basic issues of philosophy＂ before he started his formal analysis of Feuerbach＇s philosophy, The reason for this arrangement is that Engels meant to clarify and explain a premise at two levels through discussion of these two issues. The first one is the premise for deep criticism, that is, why Feuerbach should need protection from Shi Dake, and how did Shi Dake managed to achieve his protection purpose by means of defining ＂idealism＂. The second one is the direct premise of criticism. In other words, since Sift Dake had resorted to ＂idealism＂ to protect Feuerbach, then what Shi Dake had meant by ＂idealism＂, and what the true connotations of idealism and materialism were. These two theoretical premises can help us understand Engels＇logic of criticism in ＂On Feuerbach＂.