民族认同还是政治认同：清朝覆亡前后升允政治活动考论

Ethnical Identity or Political Identity:Shengyun's Political Activities around the Fall of the Qing Dynasty

本文依据升允的诗文、书信和国内外相关档案,订正了有关他的旗籍出身、活动经历上错误以及分歧的记载,进而从政治角度切入,并从民族意识和国家认同视点对其辛亥革命后远赴外蒙古库伦、求助俄蒙、致函日本政府并登陆日本、回国后继续为复辟奔走等一系列重要政治活动进行解读。笔者认为,升允最初是想利用自己出身蒙古察哈尔部这一"蒙古世仆"的民族身份,寻求内外蒙古各部贵族的支持,结果到处碰壁。原因在于他的民族身份认同,并非基于文化和共同情感,而是基于实现其恢复清朝的目的和需要。他的行动证明,尽管出身蒙古,但经过二百余年共同生活,其与满洲旗人在文化和情感上已无二致。为了复兴故国,他不惜求助外国势力。他的复辟实践,不是出自一般意义上的功名利禄等个人利益,而是出自个人的政治理想,尽管这一理想与时代的潮流格格不入。在他的身上,民族认同、地域认同意识服从于更高的政治认同和文化认同。

Based on the documents relevant to Shengyun, this article probes Shengyun＇s bannership and narrates his experiences. From the perspectives of ethnical consciousness and national identity, this article explores the important activities of Shengyun after the 1911 Revolution, such as leaving for Kulun, seeking help from Mongolia and Russia, writing to Janpanese government and visiting Japan, working for restoring of the Qing. The author argues that Shengyun originally attempted to take advantage of his ethnical status of Chahar Mongolian to gain support from the tribe leaders from the inner and outer Mongolia. He failed because his ethnical identity was not based on culture and common emotion but on the aim and need to restore the old Qing regime. His activities proved that although Mongolian bannermen had the Mongolian origin, they were not culturally or emotionally different from the Manchu bannermen after living together for more than two hundred years. In order to restore the Qing, Shengyun even resorted to the foreign countries. His practice was not for his personal fame or interests, but for his political aim, even though this was against the historical tendency. For him, the consciouness of ethnical and regional identity is subject to that of political and cultural identity.