大改组：德国开放的政治学

The Great Realignment:The Politics of Liberalization in Germany

过去二十年内,德国福利与就业制度的开放性政治经济举措,以及对基本政治联合产生的不良影响,值得关注。德国福利与就业体系面临着自由化进程,但没有向自由市场经济发展。对由雇主和工会主导的经济领域及由公共预算的财政约束主导的公共财政领域这两个独特领域内关键主体偏好的转移追根溯源后发现,在这两个领域中,关键主体的偏好转移互相关联,但对应着两组不同的问题。这意味着政治经济制度的维持需要考虑到更多环境因素,这一点至关重要。

This paper looks at the politics of the liberalization of the German welfare and employment regime and the repercussions on underlying political coalitions in the last two decades. The German welfare and employment system has been confronted with moves towards liberalization without approaching a liberal market economy. This paper traces the shifts of preferences of key actors in two distinct arenas： the economic arena dominated by employers and unions and the public finance arena dominated by fiscal constraints on public budgets. This paper argues that the shifts of positions of key actors in both arenas were interrelated but that they responded to two different sets of problems. This suggests that a wider set of environmental factors are of crucial importance for the maintenance of political economy institutions.