职业潜水员的心理选拔指标

Psychological indices for selecting Chinese occupational divers

目的:探讨潜水员职业所必需的心理品质,为潜水员心理选拔及评价提供参考。方法:在交通部下属单位上海、烟台、广州3个打捞局及南京某专业潜水工程公司选取职业潜水员165人,运用卡特尔十六种人格因素测验(16PF)、瑞文标准推理测验(中国城市版成年组)、80.8神经活动类型、注意集中检测仪、动作稳定检测仪等量表或仪器进行检测,数据采用SPSS13.0进行统计分析。结果:职业潜水员的认知品质可概括为感知觉品质、聪慧品质、认知-运动品质和注意品质。职业潜水员个性品质中的有恒性、幻想性、创造型人格因素及新环境中成长能力得分,认知品质中的神经活动类型、暗适应、空间知觉、注意分配、注意集中等心理品质与其业绩水平均呈正相关(r=0.20～0.71,均P<0.05);而怀疑性、世故性得分、反应时、场独立性(误差)、动作稳定(出错次数)与其业绩水平负相关(r=-0.21～-0.45,均P<0.05)。个性表现为高有恒性(OR=0.18)、高创造性(OR=0.35)、高新环境中成长能力(OR=2.34)和低怀疑性(OR=5.08),以及认知品质中具有较好的神经活动能力(OR=0.27)、暗适应能力(OR=1.98)、注意集中(OR=0.51)和注意分配能力(OR=0.49)的潜水员,其工作业绩水平更好。结论:职业潜水员有其独特的心理品质特点,主要包括个性品质、感知觉品质、聪慧品质、认知-运动品质和注意品质五个方面,在以后职业潜水员选拔和训练中可以此作为心理选拔和评价的重点。

Objective： To explore the essential psychological quality of occupational divers, and provide refer- ence for selection and evaluation for divers. Methods： Totally 165 occupational divers were selected and tested with the Cattell＇s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire （16PF）, Raven＇ s Standard Progressive Matrices （SPM）, 80. 8 Neural Type Measuring Form, attention concentration test, etc. Results： The cognitive quality of divers could be summarized mainly into four aspects, including sense of perceived quality, quality of intelligence, cognition-move- ment quality and attention quality. The divers＇working performance was positively correlated with the psychological qualities such as rule-consciousness, abstractedness, creativity, growing ability in new environment, the type of nerve activity, dark adaptation, the perception of space, attention concentration and attention distribution （r = 0. 20 -0. 71, Ps 〈 0. 05）, while negatively correlated with vigilance, privateness, time reaction, field independence （error） and ac- tion stability （error frequency） （r = -0. 21 - -0.45, P5 〈 0.05）. The divers who scored higher in rule-conscious-hess, creativity and the growing ability in new environment, the type of nerve activity, dark adaptation, attention concentration and attention distribution, and scored lower in vigilance had better working performance （ OR = 0. 18 - 5.08, Ps 〈 0. 05）. Conclusion： It suggests that divers need some special psychological qualities, such as personal- ity, a sense of perceived quality, the quality of intelligence, cognition-movement quality and attention quality, which could be used as psychological evaluation indices in selecting and training for divers.