论伯纳德·威廉斯的功利主义批判

On Bernard Williams' Critique of Utilitarianism

伯纳德.威廉斯在对功利主义后果论的结构分析中指出其责任原则的显著缺陷是冷漠与消极,对效用最大化的追求导致功利主义把价值赋予事态而忽视个人分离性,而过度的道德义务要求使个体与自身道德情感及行为相异化,破坏了行动者的道德完整性。虽然威廉斯的功利主义批判饱受质疑,但他对人性、品质的重视与对个人生活意义的关切,切中了功利主义的要害,敞开了走出现代道德哲学困境的新路径。

Bernard Williams stands on the position of the agent criticize utilitarianism. In the analysis of the consequentialist structure of utilitarianism, he points out the significant defects of its responsibility principles are indifference and negative. The pursuit of maximize benefits leads to utilitarianism giving val- ue to state of affairs, ignoring the personal separateness. And the too much demanding makes individuals alienate from their moral feelings and behaviors, therefore destructs the agent＇s moral integrity. The responses of many scholars are neither a threat to William＇s critique nor a defense of utilitarianism. William＇ s criticism reflects his concern about human nature, personal characters and the meaning of life; which makes up the shortage of modern moral philosophy theories.